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1. Which state tops in solar installations at Indian Railway stations and service buildings?
[A] Rajasthan
[B] Maharashtra
[C] West Bengal
[D] Karnataka
Correct Answer: A [Rajasthan]
Notes:
Indian Railways has made significant strides in developing its solar energy infrastructure, reflecting the government’s dedication to renewable energy and sustainability. By February 2025, the national railway has set up 209 MW of solar power capacity at 2,249 railway stations and service buildings. This represents a 2.3-fold increase in solar installations over the past five years, adding 1,489 new units compared to 628 units in the previous five years. Rajasthan tops the list with 275 installations, followed by Maharashtra with 270 and West Bengal with 237. This initiative is supported by Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and the Round The Clock (RTC) hybrid power model, which combines solar and wind energy.
2. Which country is withdrawing from the International Criminal Court (ICC), becoming the first European nation to do so?
[A] Bulgaria
[B] Hungary
[C] Belgium
[D] Croatia
Correct Answer: B [Hungary]
Notes:
On April 3, 2025, Viktor Orban, the Prime Minister of Hungary, declared the country’s withdrawal from the International Criminal Court (ICC), marking Hungary as the first European nation to take such a step. Established in 2002, the ICC serves to hold individuals accountable for serious international crimes and is recognized as the only permanent international criminal tribunal. The foundation of the ICC is rooted in the Rome Statute, an international treaty that was adopted on July 17, 1998. This statute outlines the Court’s authority, organizational structure, and obligations, officially coming into effect on July 1, 2002. The ICC is tasked with investigating and prosecuting offenses such as genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression.
3. In which state have researchers recently discovered a new species of damselfly named Euphaea wayanadensis?
[A] Kerala
[B] Tamil Nadu
[C] Odisha
[D] Goa
Correct Answer: A [Kerala]
Notes:
Researchers have recently identified a new species of damselfly called Euphaea wayanadensis in the Wayanad area of Kerala. This discovery adds to the biodiversity of the Western Ghats, increasing the total number of odonate species in Kerala to 191 and in the Western Ghats to 223. Euphaea wayanadensis is part of the Euphaeidae family. The first sightings were recorded in 2013 along the Kalindi River in Wayanad. In the years that followed, more observations were made in Wayanad and surrounding areas. Initially, this species was thought to be Euphaea pseudodispar, but further morphological studies and genetic analysis confirmed its uniqueness.
4. Which country has recently called upon BRICS nations to mobilise $1.3 trillion for climate financing at the 11th BRICS Environment Ministers’ meeting in Brazil?
[A] China
[B] Brazil
[C] India
[D] Russia
Correct Answer: C [India]
Notes:
India has recently urged BRICS countries to raise $1.3 trillion for climate financing. This appeal was made during the 11th BRICS Environment Ministers’ meeting held in Brazil. The goal is to back Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and promote sustainable development in developing nations. The Baku to Belem Roadmap outlines a strategy to reach this objective. This new climate finance initiative, introduced at COP29, aims to assist developing countries. The target is to generate $1.3 trillion annually by 2035 from both public and private sectors for climate initiatives in these nations. The Roadmap is named after its starting point in Baku, Azerbaijan, and its conclusion at COP30 in Belém, Brazil, in November 2025. It is being crafted under the guidance of the COP29 and COP30 Presidencies from Azerbaijan and Brazil. The plan seeks to increase climate finance by $300 billion from public sources, totaling $1.3 trillion each year by 2035. It aims to ensure a fair transition for developing countries, addressing challenges such as high loan interest rates and restrictive regulations that hinder climate financing. Additionally, it proposes enhancing the role of multilateral development banks (MDBs) in providing low-interest loans and promoting collaborative funding from governments and private enterprises.
5. The Union Cabinet approved the second phase of the Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP) with an outlay of ₹6,839 crore for border villages. Which ministry is implementing this programme?
[A] Ministry of Rural Development
[B] Ministry of Tourism
[C] Ministry of Home Affairs
[D] Ministry of Defence
Correct Answer: C [Ministry of Home Affairs]
Notes:
The Union Cabinet has sanctioned the second phase of the Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP), allocating ₹6,839 crore for the development of border villages. Initiated in 2023, the VVP aims to promote comprehensive development in villages situated near the International Border. The first phase encompassed villages across 46 blocks in 19 districts, specifically in Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, and Ladakh. As part of the initiative, 17 border villages are set to be transformed into tourist attractions. The upcoming phase will extend its focus to Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab, with the goal of enhancing livelihoods, prosperity, and security. The implementation of the Vibrant Villages Programme falls under the purview of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.
6. Which state government has introduced the ‘Mukhya Mantri Mahila Udyamita Abhiyan to enhance women’s economic self-reliance?
[A] Bihar
[B] Assam
[C] Odisha
[D] Gujarat
Correct Answer: B [Assam]
Notes:
To promote economic independence among women, the Assam government has rolled out the Mukhya Mantri Mahila Udyamita Abhiyan, its largest initiative for supporting female entrepreneurs. Launched by Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma in the Biswanath district, this program aims to empower 30 lakh women by offering seed capital of ₹10,000 each to assist them in starting or growing their micro-businesses. The initiative employs a multi-tiered financial support system, fostering sustainable entrepreneurship and enhancing women’s economic self-sufficiency throughout the state.
7. Which instrument of the Vikram lander has provided the first in-situ temperature profile from the Moon’s south polar region?
[A] ILSA
[B] ChaSTE
[C] RAMBHA-LP
[D] LRA
Correct Answer: B [ChaSTE]
Notes:
Chandrayaan-3, India’s mission to explore the Moon, successfully touched down on the Moon’s south pole on August 23, 2023. One of its key scientific tools is the Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), which is designed to study the Moon’s thermal characteristics. This research is vital for future lunar exploration and understanding the Moon’s environment. ChaSTE’s main goals include measuring the temperature profile of the lunar soil up to 100 mm deep and evaluating thermal conductivity to create a detailed thermal map of the Moon’s surface. The ChaSTE probe features ten Platinum Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD Pt-1000 sensors) placed at different depths. Additionally, a ribbon heater located near the probe’s tip facilitates active thermal conductivity tests. The probe is made from a composite material that reduces heat interference while maintaining strength. ChaSTE has delivered the first in-situ temperature profile from the Moon’s south pole, revealing surface temperatures reaching up to 70°C during the lunar day, which was higher than anticipated. At a depth of 80 mm, temperatures fell to about -10°C, indicating a significant thermal gradient.
8. Which country has launched nuclear submarine armed with ‘unstoppable’ Zircon Hypersonic Missile?
[A] France
[B] Germany
[C] Russia
[D] China
Correct Answer: C [Russia]
Notes:
Russia has unveiled the Perm, a nuclear-powered submarine armed with the Zircon hypersonic cruise missile, which is claimed to be uncatchable by current defense systems. This Yasen-M class submarine is a key element of Russia’s strategic naval growth and is set to join the Pacific Fleet next year. President Vladimir Putin celebrated the launch as a significant achievement, highlighting Russia’s ongoing commitment to enhancing its naval strength. The Zircon missile, capable of reaching speeds of Mach 8 and utilizing a radar-evading plasma cloud, presents a serious threat to existing air defense systems.
9. Who has been appointed as the Executive Director of growth at the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)?
[A] Surendra Kumar
[B] Ashok Manikya Gupta
[C] Sohini Rajola
[D] Kamala Mahant
Correct Answer: C [Sohini Rajola]
Notes:
Sohini Rajola has been named the Executive Director – Growth at the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). In this position, she will focus on promoting NPCI’s payment solutions, improving products, and overseeing collaborations with important partners such as banks and fintech firms. This appointment is part of NPCI’s strategy to strengthen its leadership and boost the use of its payment solutions. Rajola brings extensive experience in the payments and digital banking fields, which will be crucial for advancing NPCI’s offerings. Her appointment coincides with a period of significant growth for the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in terms of both value and volume.
10. The inscription recently found on the Somagiri hills in Melavalavu, Madurai, is related to which Chola king?
[A] Vijayalaya
[B] Aditya I
[C] Parantaka I
[D] Rajaraja I
Correct Answer: D [Rajaraja I]
Notes:
A recent find of an inscription linked to Rajaraja Chola I on the Somagiri hills in Melavalavu, Madurai, has intrigued historians. This inscription, thought to be from around 1000 CE, highlights Rajaraja Chola’s presence in the Pandya area. It references a military leader named Viranarana Pallavarayan and describes the temple built by Malaiyappa Sambu. This discovery is significant for understanding the history of the Chola dynasty and its influence on Southern India. Rajaraja Chola I ruled from 985 to 1014 CE and was the son of Parantaka Chola II. His reign is recognized for military achievements and administrative improvements. Rajaraja Chola I was acknowledged for his exceptional leadership skills, which paved the way for his rise to the throne.
11. Who has been conferred with the National Youth Award for transforming early education in India?
[A] Rajnish Thakur
[B] Akarsh Shroff
[C] Udbhav Joshi
[D] Kiran Das
Correct Answer: B [Akarsh Shroff]
Notes:
Akarsh Shroff, the founder of YuvaSpark, received the National Youth Award on April 3, 2025, for his groundbreaking work in improving early childhood education in India, especially through the digitization of anganwadis and advancements in rural education infrastructure. This award, established by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, is given each year to individuals under 30 who have demonstrated outstanding dedication to national progress and community service. Akarsh was honored by Union Minister Mansukh Mandaviya during a ceremony at Parliament House in New Delhi. The event celebrated both current and past awardees, recognizing a total of 22 young leaders.
12. Which Indian state recently received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Kannadippaya, a traditional tribal handicraft?
[A] Andhra Pradesh
[B] Karnataka
[C] Tamil Nadu
[D] Kerala
Correct Answer: D [Kerala]
Notes:
Kannadippaya, a traditional handicraft originating from Kerala, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, which safeguards its distinctive identity and provenance. The term “Kannadippaya” translates to ‘mirror mat,’ reflecting its glossy and reflective design. Crafted from the soft inner layers of reed bamboo, it possesses remarkable thermal properties, providing warmth during winter and a cooling effect in summer. This artisanal practice is primarily carried out by various tribal communities, including the Oorali, Mannan, Muthuva, Malayan, Kadar, Ulladan, Malayarayan, and Hill Pulaya, located in the districts of Idukki, Thrissur, Ernakulam, and Palakkad.
13. Which Indian state has recently been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Thalanad cloves?
[A] Goa
[B] Karnataka
[C] Kerala
[D] Tamil Nadu
Correct Answer: C [Kerala]
Notes:
The Agriculture Department and Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) have reached a significant achievement by obtaining a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for Thalanad cloves. This recognition is anticipated to boost the branding and marketing of this spice on a global scale. The Thalanad area, situated in Kottayam district, offers perfect conditions for growing cloves due to its altitude and climate. A Geographical Indication is a label that indicates products from a specific location, highlighting their unique qualities or reputation associated with that area. GI tags protect local products from being misused and support regional economies by ensuring that only items genuinely produced in that area can carry the name. Thalanad cloves, locally referred to as ‘grambu’ or ‘karayampoo’, are the fragrant flower buds of the clove tree (Syzygium aromaticum). They are mainly used for flavoring in cooking, as a spice, and in traditional medicine. Thalanad cloves are distinguished by their appealing bud color and exceptional quality.
14. Which organization has recently released the first-ever report on fungal tests & treatments?
[A] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
[B] World Health Organization (WHO)
[C] World Economic Forum (WEF)
[D] International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Correct Answer: B [World Health Organization (WHO)]
Notes:
The World Health Organization (WHO) has published its first reports addressing the critical lack of medications and tests for severe fungal infections. This issue is especially urgent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The reports emphasize the immediate need for new research and development to tackle these challenges. Fungal infections are increasingly becoming a public health issue. Common infections like candida, which leads to mouth and vaginal issues, are becoming more difficult to treat due to antifungal resistance. These infections primarily impact individuals who are already very ill or have compromised immune systems, such as those undergoing cancer therapy, living with HIV, or who have received organ transplants. Fungal infections can vary from mild to severe. Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) result in over 6.5 million infections and around 3.8 million deaths globally each year, with mortality rates for IFDs potentially exceeding 50% even with treatment.
15. What is India’s rank in the Network Readiness Index?
[A] 35th
[B] 36th
[C] 37th
[D] 38th
Correct Answer: B [36th]
Notes:
India has made significant strides in adopting advanced technologies, as evidenced by its jump to 36th place in the UNCTAD’s global ‘Readiness for Frontier Technologies’ index. This is a notable improvement from its 48th position in 2022, largely due to advancements in research and other sectors. The country has enhanced its capacity to adopt and integrate these technologies, reflected in its better ranking on the global network readiness index. The 2025 Technology and Innovation Report by UNCTAD ranks India 36th among 170 countries, a considerable rise from its previous 48th place in 2022. This progress stems from various factors, including advancements in ICT deployment, research and development (R&D), industrial capabilities, and financing, with a strong focus on AI and nanotechnology. The report points out that India is among a group of developing nations exceeding expectations and is a significant contributor in the field of artificial intelligence (AI).
16. Which state government has launched the ‘Thooimai Mission’ to promote sustainable waste management throughout the state?
[A] Kerala
[B] Tamil Nadu
[C] Karnataka
[D] Andhra Pradesh
Correct Answer: B [Tamil Nadu]
Notes:
The Tamil Nadu government has introduced the Thooimai Mission, which is dedicated to promoting sustainable waste management throughout the state. This initiative aims to improve waste management processes and foster cooperation among different departments. Deputy Chief Minister Udhayanidhi Stalin announced it during the assembly session on budget grants. The mission is managed by the Special Programme Implementation Department and features a clear governance framework. The Chief Minister leads the Governing Body, with the Deputy Chief Minister acting as Vice-Chairperson. This body consists of various ministers and experts who convene twice a year or as necessary to ensure effective management. The mission’s goals include advancing sustainable waste management practices and enhancing collaboration between departments. It will also offer technical support and track progress, aligning with state priorities to promote environmental responsibility.
17. Who organized the Batalik Cricket League 2025?
[A] Indian Army
[B] Indian Air Force
[C] Indian Navy
[D] None of the above
Correct Answer: A [Indian Army]
Notes:
The Indian Army hosted the Batalik Cricket League at Jubar Stadium to celebrate Kargil Vijay Diwas 2025. This event focused on encouraging sports, involving local youth, and aiding community development. It also aimed to support local artisans and craftsmanship.
18. World Health Day is observed globally on which day?
[A] April 7
[B] April 6
[C] April 5
[D] April 4
Correct Answer: A [April 7]
Notes:
World Health Day 2025 will be celebrated worldwide on April 7, commemorating the establishment of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948. This year’s theme, “Healthy Beginnings, Hopeful Futures,” focuses on maternal and newborn health and kicks off a year-long global initiative aimed at reducing preventable deaths and enhancing health outcomes for women and infants. The campaign encourages governments and healthcare systems to strengthen their efforts to combat preventable maternal and newborn fatalities. It emphasizes the importance of supporting mothers during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period, while also advocating for accessible, high-quality healthcare for pregnant women and newborns, particularly in developing areas. This theme is vital as it underscores that a healthy life starts with a safe pregnancy and delivery, and the health of mothers significantly influences the well-being of infants, families, and future generations.
19. Manoj Kumar, who passed away recently at the age of 87, was a legendary actor from which film industry?
[A] Bollywood
[B] Tollywood
[C] Kollywood
[D] Sandalwood
Correct Answer: A [Bollywood]
Notes:
Renowned Bollywood actor Manoj Kumar, celebrated for his memorable patriotic films, has died at the age of 87. He passed away at Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital due to heart issues and liver cirrhosis. Born Harikrishan Giri Goswami in what is now Pakistan, Manoj Kumar’s family moved to Delhi after the Partition of India. There, he finished his education and cultivated a strong passion for film.
20. Ravikumar, who recently passed away at the age of 71, was famous in which field?
[A] Film
[B] Medicine
[C] Politics
[D] Media
Correct Answer: A [Film]
Notes:
Veteran actor Ravikumar, celebrated for his romantic performances in Malayalam and Tamil cinema during the 1970s and 1980s, died on April 4, 2025, in a private hospital in Chennai. He was 71 years old. Ravikumar made significant contributions to South Indian films, particularly through his work with renowned directors and memorable musical pieces, leaving a lasting impact on the industry.
