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1. Which state has emerged as the first Indian state to formally implement SC sub-categorisation?
[A] West Bengal
[B] Telangana
[C] Kerala
[D] Karnataka
Correct Answer: B [Telangana]
Notes:
Telangana has become the first state in India to officially implement sub-categorization for Scheduled Castes (SC), with the goal of reorganizing the 15% SC reservation. This will involve classifying 59 sub-castes into three groups according to their levels of backwardness. Following the Supreme Court’s approval, the Telangana government issued a Government Order (GO) on April 14, 2025, which is also Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s birth anniversary. This order enforces the Telangana Scheduled Castes (Rationalization of Reservations) Act, 2025. The initiative seeks to make the 15% SC reservation more equitable by grouping the sub-castes based on their relative disadvantages. This effort is in line with historical initiatives such as the Lokur Committee (1965) and the more recent Justice Ramachandra Raju and Usha Mehra Commissions, indicating a move towards more focused affirmative action.
2. Which state-based dairy cooperative Milkfed has launched a new mascot named ‘Veera’ for its Verka brand?
[A] Haryana
[B] Assam
[C] Sikkim
[D] Punjab
Correct Answer: D [Punjab]
Notes:
Milkfed, a dairy cooperative from Punjab, has introduced a new mascot named ‘Veera’ for its Verka brand. Veera is a happy young Sikh boy with folded hands, aimed at creating an emotional bond with customers. This branding effort seeks to boost Verka’s visibility and sales in India and beyond, similar to the success of well-known mascots like the Amul Girl. Veera represents the warmth and hospitality of Punjab. This launch coincided with the start of a ₹135 crore dairy expansion project in Amritsar, highlighting the brand’s goal to modernize and grow.
3. Mount Spurr, which was recently seen in the news, is located in which country?
[A] Japan
[B] United States
[C] Indonesia
[D] Italy
Correct Answer: B [United States]
Notes:
Numerous minor seismic events have been recorded at Mount Spurr, prompting fears that the 11,000-foot volcano in Alaska, United States, could soon erupt. Mount Spurr, a stratovolcano enveloped in snow and ice, is situated approximately 100 kilometers west of Anchorage within the Cook Inlet area. It is positioned at the southern boundary of a gap in the Alaska Range and primarily consists of andesite rock. The volcano features a lava dome, a breached stratovolcano, and the Crater Peak vent, which is a small volcanic cone. It rises to an elevation of 3,000 meters and encompasses a caldera measuring 5×6 kilometers, formed by a crater collapse 10,000 years ago that led to the creation of Chakachamna Lake. The caldera contains an active icefield and numerous glaciers. Mount Spurr’s most recent eruption occurred in 1992, resulting in significant ashfall and disruptions to air travel.
4. India has recently unveiled a new model for Integrated Generation, Transmission, and Storage Expansion Planning. Who developed this model?
[A] Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
[B] Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
[C] Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
[D] Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
Correct Answer: A [Central Electricity Authority (CEA)]
Notes:
On April 11, 2025, India introduced a new Integrated Generation, Transmission, and Storage Expansion Planning Model. This initiative is a joint effort by the Central Electricity Authority, The Lantau Group (TLG), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The goal of this tool is to improve resource adequacy in the power sector. It will be provided at no cost to all states and distribution companies (Discoms). The model is intended to help states create detailed Resource Adequacy plans that comply with the guidelines set by the Ministry of Power in June 2023. The CEA has already developed Resource Adequacy plans for Discoms through 2034-35. This new tool will allow for annual updates. The Integrated Planning Model features several important aspects, including the chronological operation of the power system, unit commitment constraints like technical minimums and ramp rates, as well as the integration of demand response strategies and ancillary services.
5. Recent studies have revealed that certain lichens can survive which planet conditions?
[A] Venus
[B] Mercury
[C] Jupiter
[D] Mars
Correct Answer: D [Mars]
Notes:
Recent research has shown that some lichens can withstand the severe conditions found on Mars. This finding challenges earlier assumptions about the possibility of life on the planet. The studies indicate that lichens not only survive in extreme environments but also remain active at a metabolic level. These results are significant for astrobiology and the search for life beyond Earth. Lichens are unique organisms formed from a partnership between fungi and either algae or cyanobacteria, enabling them to thrive in harsh settings like deserts and polar areas. Their distinct biology contributes to their ability to endure tough conditions. Scientists carried out experiments that mimicked Martian conditions, testing two lichen species: Diploschistes muscorum and Cetraria aculeata, selected for their differing characteristics. The lichens were placed in a Mars simulation chamber for five hours, which recreated the planet’s atmosphere, pressure, temperature fluctuations, and radiation levels.
6. Which organization developed India’s first automated bat monitoring system named BatEchoMon?
[A] IISc Bengaluru
[B] IIHS Bengaluru
[C] IIT Madras
[D] IIT Bombay
Correct Answer: B [IIHS Bengaluru]
Notes:
BatEchoMon, which stands for Bat Echolocation Monitoring, represents India’s inaugural automated system for real-time bat monitoring. This innovative system was created by Kadambari Deshpande and Vedant Barje under the guidance of Jagdish Krishnaswamy at the Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS) in Bengaluru. It is an integral component of the Long-Term Urban Ecological Observatory within IIHS’s School of Environment and Sustainability. BatEchoMon is capable of detecting, recording, analyzing, and classifying bat sounds through echolocation. The system employs an ultrasonic microphone, a Raspberry Pi microprocessor, a solar-powered battery, and a Wi-Fi unit. It is designed to activate at sunset and operates throughout the night, utilizing a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to accurately identify bat calls.
7. Which organisation has successfully tested the Mk-II(A) Laser-Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) system?
[A] Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
[B] Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
[C] Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
[D] Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
Correct Answer: B [Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)]
Notes:
India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has successfully tested the Mk-II(A) Laser-Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) system. Announced on April 13, 2025, this milestone positions India among a select few nations with advanced laser weapon technology. The Mk-II(A) DEW is engineered to effectively neutralize missiles, drones, and smaller projectiles. This homegrown weapon can target fixed-wing drones and counter multiple drone assaults. It is capable of destroying enemy surveillance equipment and antennas. With its speed and accuracy, the Mk-II(A) DEW serves as a powerful solution against drones. It engages targets at light speed; once a target is identified by radar or its built-in Electro-Optic (EO) system, it can deploy a concentrated laser beam to induce structural damage. Targeting warheads can enhance its effectiveness. This technology offers a way to decrease dependence on costly munitions while minimizing the risk of collateral damage.
8. Where was the Africa India Key Maritime Engagement (AIKEYME) Exercise 2025 held?
[A] Nigeria
[B] Namibia
[C] South Africa
[D] Tanzania
Correct Answer: D [Tanzania]
Notes:
The Africa India Key Maritime Engagement (AIKEYME) 2025 commenced on April 13, 2025, in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, representing a significant advancement in maritime collaboration between India and Africa. This extensive multilateral maritime exercise, co-hosted by India and Tanzania, aims to strengthen relationships within the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Participation includes eleven nations: India, Tanzania, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa. The primary objective is to improve naval coordination and devise collective strategies to address regional maritime issues. This initiative is in line with India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) and MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) frameworks. The Indian Navy has deployed ships including INS Chennai, INS Kesari, and INS Sunayna, with the latter being part of the Indian Ocean Ship (IOS) SAGAR mission. The exercise is scheduled to last for six days, from April 13 to April 18, 2025, encompassing both harbour and sea operations.
9. Which Bollywood actor was honored at the 2025 Macau International Comedy Festival in China?
[A] Amitabh Bachchan
[B] Shah Rukh Khan
[C] Aamir Khan
[D] Sanjay Dutt
Correct Answer: C [Aamir Khan]
Notes:
Bollywood star Aamir Khan was honored at the 2025 Macau International Comedy Festival in China, where he made his first official public appearance with his partner Gauri Spratt. Aamir, who is greatly admired in China and affectionately referred to as “Uncle Mi,” received the ‘Master Humor Award’ during the event. His presence attracted significant attention, highlighting the strong cultural impact of his films in the Chinese market.
10. Who has been honored with the Verchol Dalit Literary Award 2025?
[A] Anand Kumaran
[B] P. Sivakami
[C] Surya Pillai
[D] Natarajan J
Correct Answer: B [P. Sivakami]
Notes:
On April 13, 2025, P. Sivakami, a well-known author and former IAS officer, received the Verchol Dalit Literary Award from the Neelam Cultural Centre in Chennai, along with a cash prize of ₹1 lakh. This event celebrated her contributions to literature and social issues, highlighting the importance of Dalit identity and the role of literature in social change.
11. The International Cricket Council (ICC) has launched a new programme to support displaced women cricketers from which country?
[A] Pakistan
[B] West Indies
[C] Bangladesh
[D] Afghanistan
Correct Answer: D [Afghanistan]
Notes:
The International Cricket Council (ICC) has launched a new initiative to support Afghan women cricketers who have been displaced. This effort involves creating a task force in partnership with the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), and Cricket Australia (CA). The initiative aims to provide financial aid and development opportunities to help these athletes pursue their cricket careers despite the difficulties they face due to displacement and political instability. This significant step promotes inclusivity and safeguards the rights and dreams of these athletes.
12. Who won the 2025 Bahrain Grand Prix?
[A] Oscar Piastri
[B] Lando Norris
[C] Max Verstappen
[D] Charles Leclerc
Correct Answer: A [Oscar Piastri]
Notes:
In a remarkable show of speed and tactics, Oscar Piastri took the lead from pole position to secure victory at the 2025 Bahrain Grand Prix, marking his second win of the Formula One season. This race at the Bahrain International Circuit was significant as it was Piastri’s 50th start in F1 and boosted his championship standing. The McLaren driver showcased his skills by dominating the race, even with a safety car interruption, solidifying his title challenge alongside teammate Lando Norris. With this victory, Piastri became the first driver to win twice in the 2025 season and achieved McLaren’s inaugural win at the home track of their Bahraini owners.
13. Which medal did the Indian recurve men’s team win in Stage 1 of the Archery World Cup 2025?
[A] Gold
[B] Silver
[C] Bronze
[D] None of these
Correct Answer: B [Silver]
Notes:
The Indian men’s recurve archery team, featuring Dhiraj Bommadevara, Atanu Das, and Tarundeep Rai, kicked off their 2025 season by securing a silver medal at the Archery World Cup Stage 1 in Auburndale, Florida. In a tough final match, they lost 1-5 to the third-seeded Chinese team. Despite being ranked second in the world, the Indian team was unable to clinch the title after previously defeating the eighth-seeded Spain in the semi-finals.
14. Which country secured the second position overall in the first ISSF World Cup 2025 for rifle, pistol, and shotgun disciplines?
[A] India
[B] France
[C] Indonesia
[D] Japan
Correct Answer: A [India]
Notes:
India had a strong start to the international shooting season, finishing second overall at the first ISSF World Cup 2025 for rifle, pistol, and shotgun events. This tournament, taking place before the Paris Olympics, highlighted India’s growing shooting talent, combining young and experienced shooters. Although they just missed a medal in the final event, the Indian team earned 8 medals, showing their depth, consistency, and potential for the future.
15. Who won the Monte Carlo Masters 2025 title?
[A] Taylor Fritz
[B] Lorenzo Musetti
[C] Carlos Alcaraz
[D] Alexander Zverev
Correct Answer: C [Carlos Alcaraz]
Notes:
Carlos Alcaraz won the Monte Carlo Masters 2025 title after coming back from a first-set loss against Lorenzo Musetti. He took advantage of Musetti’s injury to win 3-6, 6-1, 6-0, marking his sixth ATP Masters 1000 title as he approaches his 22nd birthday.
16. Siachen Day is observed annually on which day?
[A] April 12
[B] April 13
[C] April 14
[D] April 15
Correct Answer: B [April 13]
Notes:
Siachen Day is celebrated every year on April 13 to remember Operation Meghdoot, which began in 1984 when the Indian Army took control of the Siachen Glacier, the highest battlefield in the world. This day honors the bravery of Indian soldiers who served there and highlights the teamwork between the Indian Army and the Air Force. In 2025, we will mark the 41st anniversary of this important mission, remembering the sacrifices and courage of the Siachen Warriors who inspire many.
17. What is the theme of World Chagas Disease Day 2025?
[A] Tackling Chagas disease: detect early and care for life
[B] Prevent, Control, Care: Everyone’s role in Chagas disease
[C] Time to integrate Chagas disease into primary health care
[D] Finding and reporting every case to defeat Chagas disease
Correct Answer: B [Prevent, Control, Care: Everyone’s role in Chagas disease]
Notes:
World Chagas Disease Day 2025 aims to increase awareness about the serious impacts of Chagas disease and the critical need for accessible healthcare and ongoing support for patients. The theme ‘Prevent, Control, Care: Everyone’s role in Chagas disease’ highlights the global attention on the pain caused by Chagas disease and advocates for fair access to healthcare and long-term care. The 2025 theme stresses that everyone has a part to play in prevention, control, and care. This disease mainly affects impoverished communities in Latin America but is now spreading worldwide. Often referred to as a ‘silent disease,’ many infected people show no symptoms, making it hard to detect and treat.
18. Kumudini Lakhia, who recently passed away at the age of 94, was renowned for which dance?
[A] Bharatnatyam
[B] Kathak
[C] Yakshagana
[D] Kuchipudi
Correct Answer: B [Kathak]
Notes:
Renowned Kathak innovator Kumudini Lakhia, who transformed classical Indian dance with her daring creativity, has died at the age of 94. Throughout her more than seventy-year career, she reimagined Kathak by pushing the boundaries of its traditional storytelling and embracing abstraction. Lakhia, a pioneering figure in Kathak, questioned the dance’s reliance on narrative and literary elements, incorporating ensemble choreography and modern themes. Over her seven-decade journey, she mentored countless dancers and redefined the art form with her courageous vision and innovative spirit.
19. Mario Vargas Llosa Nobel Award winner who recently passed away at 89, was from which country?
[A] Paraguay
[B] Peru
[C] Brazil
[D] Argentina
Correct Answer: B [Peru]
Notes:
Mario Vargas Llosa, a famous writer from Peru, died on April 14, 2025, at 89 years old, leaving a significant mark on Latin American literature. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2010 for his deep insights into power and individual resistance. Over his career, he wrote more than 30 novels and many essays, which have been translated into various languages and greatly influenced global literature. Known for his political engagement and distinctive writing style, Vargas Llosa is considered one of the most important authors in the Spanish-speaking world, shaping literary discussions and contributing to debates on politics, society, and culture.
20. Emmy Award winner Gene Marsh, who recently passed away at the age of 90, was from which country?
[A] England
[B] France
[C] Portugal
[D] Germany
Correct Answer: A [England]
Notes:
Jean Marsh, a famous British actress known for her Emmy-winning role as Mrs. Rose Buck in Upstairs, Downstairs, died in London on April 13, 2025, at the age of 90 due to dementia-related issues. Her passing signifies the conclusion of a remarkable career that greatly impacted British television. In addition to acting, she was a talented screenwriter and creator, leaving a lasting legacy of creativity and excellence.
